Bipolar disorder is a chronic mental health condition marked by pronounced shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels. These shifts take the form of elevated states (mania or hypomania) and low periods (depressive episodes), and they can interfere with work, relationships, and daily functioning.

The pattern and intensity of mood episodes differ between people. With appropriate treatment and support, most people with bipolar disorder can reduce the frequency and severity of episodes and regain stability.

Symptoms depend on whether someone is in a manic/hypomanic phase or a depressive phase. Manic states typically involve unusually high energy, reduced need for sleep, rapid speech, racing thoughts, and impulsive behavior. Depressive states involve low mood, loss of interest, changes in sleep or appetite, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and sometimes suicidal thoughts.

Common types

• Bipolar I: Episodes of full mania often alternating with depression.
• Bipolar II: Recurrent depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes rather than full mania.
• Cyclothymic disorder: Milder, chronic mood swings that do not meet full criteria for mania or major depression.

What causes it?

Research points to a combination of genetic vulnerability, brain circuitry differences, and environmental triggers. Family history increases risk, brain imaging shows functional variations in some people, and factors such as stress, substance use, or medical illness can precipitate episodes.

Treatment usually combines medication with psychotherapy and practical supports. Medications commonly used include mood stabilizers (for example, lithium), certain anticonvulsants, and newer antipsychotic medicines; benzodiazepines may be used short-term for severe agitation or sleep problems.

Psychotherapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy, family-focused therapy, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and psychoeducation can help people manage symptoms and reduce relapse risk.

Other services

For severe or treatment-resistant illness, options like electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or structured programs (partial hospitalization) may be considered under clinical supervision.

Regular daily rhythms, consistent sleep, routine physical activity, limiting alcohol or recreational drugs, and building a reliable support network can all reduce the likelihood of episode recurrence.

Keeping a mood and sleep diary, following medication plans, and teaching family members the early warning signs of relapse help with timely response and prevention.

Seek urgent care if someone is at risk of harming themselves or others, shows psychotic symptoms (hallucinations or delusions), becomes dangerously impaired by mood symptoms, or is unable to care for basic needs. Contact emergency services or a crisis line when there is an immediate danger.

For ongoing concerns—frequent, long, or disruptive mood episodes—reach out to a mental health professional for assessment and treatment planning.